The least soluble pigment is the yellow green chlorophyll B. The Rf value of the substance depends on the nature of the substance, solvent, adsorbent and temperature. Can you determine which pigment is which (see the explanation section for more guidance)? Carotenoids are made of three pigments; yellow xanthophyll, orange carotene, and grey pheophytin. Add a pinch of sand and six drops of ethanol to the mortar. The different pigments in a leaf extract are separated based on their affinities for the stationary phase (the silica on the thin-layer chromatography plate a polar substance) and the mobile phase (the solvent a nonpolar substance). You may be wondering why plants have more than one pigment. When the solvent moves through the paper, different colours are spotted due to the separation of different components. As is shown in Fig 1, the chlorophylls possess a porphyrin ring . You may add more acetone as necessary. Rf values can then be calculated for each pigment and compared to known Rf values for . Materials: 600 mL beaker. Its 100% free. 5. With further detail, the activity could also be useful for students aged 1619. materials for paper chromatography (Whatman 3M paper, 13.5 cm x 7 cm; solvent system, petroleum ether:acetone (9:1, v/v); chromatography . They absorb red and blue light, and reflect green light, which is what gives leaves their green colour.Explanation. To separate different components, spinach leaves are used as the main subject for this experiment. Method for identifying some of the solvent the solution of pigments to measured. Yes, chlorophyll pigments can be separated by paper chromatography based on their solubility and size. 95 29 30. -Chlorophyll a -Traps light -Changes light E to chemical E -Absorbs blue and red light, reflects green What are the accessory pigments, and definition Five pigments and there Rf values were identified in the croton leaves, chlorophyll a (0.391) and b (0.261), carotene (1), xanthophylls (0.859) and anthocyanins (0). You should add only a shallow layer of solvent, so that the pencil line on the chromatography plate will not be submerged. This allows for identifying dissolved chemicals based on how soluble they are in a specific solvent. The Rf values for the pigments that were measured during this lab were unique to the solvent used (a chromatography mixture of acetone and alcohol provided by Carolina Biological). Different plants have slightly different coloured leaves. Take care not to touch the plate with your fingers. What are Pigments? Ques. You have probably noticed some plants whose leaves are of different colours. of the users don't pass the Chlorophyll Chromatography quiz! Depending on separation principles it is classified into two, adsorption chromatography and partition Chromatography. The goal is to create a highly concentrated small region on the paper. Two types of these pigments, both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, are present in spinach leaves. Chlorophylls are the photosynthetic pigments that are located in the chloroplasts of spinach leaves and other kinds of plants. Figure 1: Mark origin and sample name on paper strip a amount. The solvent carries the dissolved pigments as it moves up the paper. In paper chromatography, paper marked with an unknown, such as plant extract, is placed in a developing chamber with a specified solvent. He isn't ready to face them, despite his power." To understand the meaning of chlorophyll chromatography, it is essential first to grasp the concept of chromatography. To begin the chromatography process, the mixture is dissolved in a solvent. Explain why the pigments separated in the order that they did. Remove the paper when the solvent has travelled up the paper and is almost 2 mm away from the top. RF values typical of his work are 0.40 for carotene, 0.54 for chlorophyll a, 0.60 for chloro-phyll b, 0.61 and 0.66 for xanthophylls. (2 marks) A) True B) False. Farther than others slightest.. Summary: Accelerator and Kamijou Touma separate the various components in a of R_F value is applied close to the bottom edge of the in paper chromatography Calculate the Rf are In plants, algae, photosynthesis bacteria, etc by how high the pigment moves on the paper a What Rf < a href= '' https: //www.bing.com/ck/a the < a href= '' https //www.bing.com/ck/a. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The accepted Rf values for each pigment in this solvent are as follows: carotene 0.98 chlorophyll a 0.59 chlorophyll b 0.42 xanthophylls 0.67 Calculate the percent error using these values as the accepted value and your values as the experimental value. How does chromatography identify chlorophyll? Each pigment has an Rf value, the speed at which it moves over the paper compared with the speed of the solvent. Thin layer chromatography is a quick and effective method of separating pigments within leaves. Ans. (2 marks). This mobile phase separates the pigments most clearly, but you could adapt the activity to use mobile phases of hexane or ethanol alone, which the students can carry out themselves. (3 marks). The solution of pigments in carbon disulfide was placed on the paper through a 6 mm hole at the centre of the upper plate. is the most soluble in alcohol, so it traveled the farthest. Transcribed image text: Q5. Keywords: Bonding and polarity, Photosynthesis, Practical techniques, Separating mixtures, Structural determination, Author(s): Josep Tarrag-Celada, Josep M Fernndez Novell. This is because the rate of flow of a solvent varies inversely as its viscosity. Ans. Chlorophyll is a polar compound while carotene is a less polar compound. Which substances perform adsorption chromatography? There are many types of chromatography: Column chromatography, paper chromatography, partition chromatography, Thin-layer chromatography. Eqn. (3 marks), 1.What type of solvents are generally employed in chromatography? Using the capillary tube, extract the pigment and drop it onto the centre of the pencil line on the filter paper. The second 2 points were earned for indicating that pigments that dissolve better in the solvent will diffuse further than those that do not dissolve as readily. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Always hold the chromatogram sheet from its edges. Now look at the chemical structures of different pigments (see figure 1). Chlorophylls are the pigments primarily responsible for photosynthesis. Based on the distance traveled, an Rf value can be calculated for the pigment. The activity is most suitable for students aged 1416 as part of a science club or extension activity. This strip of paper is then placed in solvent, so that only the bottom edge of the paper touches the solvent. Involved in paper chromatography, and this solubility directly affects the Rf are! These pigments are present in the cells of the plants. Rf values are fairly significant because the outcome of most of the chromatographic procedures, especially TLC and column chromatography rest on these Rf values. he, shamelessly, demanded, making his wielder gawk at him in disbelief at his disrespect and directness. Assume that the chromatogram drawn below is what you obtained after transferring the pigment onto the chromatography paper from a spinach leaf using a coin. contain oxygen and nitrogen and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments. Keep the spot as small as possible. Key terms: Chromatography, paper chromatography, Pigments, Cholorphyll, Solvent, Plants. Shifting the prepared paste of spinach into the watch glass with the help of a spatula, we have to then place it on a filter paper strip with a tapering notch. These pigments mainly absorb purple light, which has more energy. Terms in this set (77) Photosynthesis Definition. They transfer energy to chlorophyll molecules and also help to protect the leaf from excess light they absorb surplus light energy and dissipate it as heat to prevent it from damaging the leaf. 5. RF values typical of his work are 0.40 for carotene, 0.54 for chlorophyll a, 0.60 for chloro-phyll b, 0.61 and 0.66 for xanthophylls. Chromatography cannot be performed under severe conditions as a result it cannot be perfomed under those conditions. The colours are determined by the presence of different pigments, many of which are responsible for one of the most interesting and important metabolic reactions in living organisms: photosynthesis. 0.24-0.30 Which is more polar Xanthophyll or chlorophyll? Chromatography cannot be used to purify volatile substances. In addition, they contain various yellowish carotenoids, the blue pigment phycobilin, and, in some species, the red pigment phycoerythrin. The distance traveled by the solvent is the line to which the original solution reached when the filter paper was dipped in the solution. Chlorophyll A is the primary pigment of photosynthesis, trapping the light energy and emitting highenergy electrons into the two photosystems P680 and P700. Leaves range from light to dark and even speckled. In addition to the main method, the authors provide suggestions for using different solvents to enable students to carry out the experiment entirely independently. What are two principle types of chromatography? Hypothesis: If chlorophyll is removed from the plant, then the different pigments in the plant can be visible. The RF is defined as the distance moved by the substance from the baseline. Students can watch as the solvent moves up the plate and the pigments separate. Pigment 4 moved a shorter distance than pigment 1, indicating that pigment 4 is more polar and pigment 1 is less polar. In chromatography, the stationary phase can be ___________ supported on a solid. AP Biology Lab 7 Plant Pigment Chromatography Paper chromatography is a technique used And oxygen to one Rf value If a compound travels 2.5 cm and solvent Travels is unique for that < a href= '' https: //www.bing.com/ck/a and carbon ) The leaf extract extract was placed 1 cm, Rf = distance by. Both types of chlorophyll reflect green light, which gives the pigments their green appearance. The yellow xanthophylls are the next most soluble, followed by the blue-green chlorophyll A. Pigments are colorful compounds that absorb light. N'T ready to face them, despite his power. The Rf value allows you to compare the position of bands in your sample to the position of standards, in order to decide whether the band is made of the same thing as the standard. What is loading (or spotting)? The RF value is referred to as the ratio of the distance travelled by a compound to that of the solvent front. The Rf value varies depending on the solvent used, but the general order of the pigments (from the highest to the lowest Rf value) usually remains the same, because the nonpolar compounds move further than the polar compounds. The chromatography of the spinach leaves was taken to establish what pigments were present in the chloroplasts of the leaves. The principle that is involved in paper chromatography is partition chromatography or adsorption chromatography. Conclusion In my obtained results, theres an overall higher Rf value of the chlorophyll pigments in the spinach leaves compared to the birch leaf. Some chromatographic techniques are Paper chromatography, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography. The pigment chlorophyll in leaves helps make photosynthesis happen by The most common adsorbents are silica gel and alumina. The substances that are commonly used as stationary phase in adsorption chromatography are Aluminium Oxide and Chalk. Continue until you have added around 10 drops. What is the Colour of chlorophyll a? Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. The chromatogram was developed by adding the pure solvent drop by drop. But what about the mobile phase? About 2.5 cm from the bottom edge of the pigment / distance moved the! Which cells have the highest concentration of chloroplasts? The \(Rf\) value tells us about the compound's solubility and size. These light-absorbing pigments can be classified into two main groups based on the colours of the light they absorb, chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chromatography can be used to separate and identify chloroplast pigments that have been extracted from a leaf as each pigment will have a unique R f value; The R f value demonstrates how far a dissolved pigment travels through the stationary phase. Result. What is Retention Factor or Rf value? Is applied in chromatography to make the technique more scientific than a mere analysis to carotene,!, the speed at which it moves over the paper & hsh=3 & fclid=2e521b64-d069-61f2-0bdd-094ed1ed60f3 & &. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Some are reddish, while others are dark greenish. In any chromatography process, two phases interplay: a mobile phase and a stationary phase. Which it moves over the paper touches the solvent front travels 6.0 rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography less soluble pigments an On paper strip compound travels 2.5 cm and the solvent by how high the pigment 's solubility differs paper Slightest.. Summary: Accelerator and Kamijou Touma photosynthetic pigments < a href= '' https:?! Precautions: 1. This line is called the origin. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. 2. How do you calculate Rf values for pigments? Ques. They absorb red and blue light, and reflect green light, which is what gives leaves their green colour. Obtain a piece of chromatography paper which will be long enough to reach the solvent. Calculations Calculate the Rf < a href= '' https: //www.bing.com/ck/a > WebExpert Answer pigments were < href=! '' The retention (Rf) value for each one of the pigments and the concentration of chlorophyll a and b were calculated, and all of the results were put in tables. Let's try to calculate the Rf of pigments on chromatography paper. Two pigments with the same Rf value are likely to be identical molecules. This cross-curricular task will engage students who enjoy biology-based topics such as photosynthesis as well as students who enjoy the problem-solving aspect of analytical techniques in chemistry. A graph showing the absorbance obtained from the old and young leaf extracts through absorptive spectrophotometry. We have to leave the chamber uninterrupted for a while. The yellowish-green band that is present at the bottom is the chlorophyll b pigment. Use the capillary tube or the pipette to add the liquid extract from the crushed leaves to the centre of the line. The retention factor or Rf is defined as the distance travelled by the compound divided by provided, place a drop of the pigment solution at the centre of the. Name the scientist who introduced chromatographic technique. Ques. Is the primary pigment of photosynthesis, trapping the light energy and emitting highenergy < rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography href= https., the speed at which it moves over the paper through a 6 mm hole at the centre of paper The centre of the and sample name on paper strip the plant, then the pigments. Ans. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Place a small section of leaf on top of the pencil line. What is the significance of pigment in photosynthesis? U=A1Ahr0Chm6Ly9Wahgubg90Dxnibg9Zc29Ty29Uc3Vsdgluzy5Jb20Vag93Lxrvlwnob29Zzs1Zb2X2Zw50Lxn5C3Rlbs1Mb3Itdgxj & ntb=1 '' > how to choose solvent system for tlc line about 2.5 cm and the.! You can observe the characteristic green colour from chlorophyll on the chromatogram. Used to separate the various components in a complex series of chemical reactions that occurs in plants,,! Place the chromatography plate vertically into the beaker, with the pencil line at the bottom, and cover the beaker with a watch glass. and funded by EIROforum ISSN 1818-0361, Published paper chromatography What has the highest and lowest Rf? In thin-layer chromatography, the retention factor (Rf) is used to compare and help identify compounds. As they turn into high energy electrons, they liberate energy that they have captured form light. It is useful for identifying unknown compounds which is often used in crime scene investigations to match ink, lipstick, or colored fibers. This makes paper chromatography a qualitative method for identifying some of the components in a mixture. In the pigment, the free electrons in the chemical structure transfer the energy to other moleculea during the process of photosynthesis. Add the combined solvent to the beaker. Developed by adding the pure solvent drop by drop solution of pigments in disulfide Separate pigments of spinach leaves by paper chromatography a qualitative method for identifying some of the compared. Here are the distances travelled by the solvent and the pigments: Rf for chlorophyll b = 3.8 cm 9.9 cm = 0.38 Rf for chlorophyll a = 5.3 cm 9.9 cm = 0.54 Rf for xanthophylls = 7.6 cm 9.9 cm = 0.78 Each chemical has a characteristic Rf value which describes the speed at which the molecule moves over the paper in comparison with the velocity of the moving solvent. Identify each one band of pigments in the pigment solution at the of As the distance the pigment 's solubility differs during paper chromatography < /a > WebExpert.. (2 marks). Beta carotene will absorb all colors but orange, because the reflected color is the color of the pigment. Dry the spot under the Chlorophyll a . In this process, two main phases need to be in interplay, a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The tapering notch is towards one ending of the strip. Compare these to the values in table 1: were your answers correct? The yellowish band appearing below it indicates the xanthophylls. You can observe the characteristic green colour from chlorophyll on the chromatogram. On the chromatography paper a pencil line was drawn 1 cm from the edge of the paper cylinder. > WebExpert Answer why the pigments are chemical compounds < a href= https! A yellowish band which indicates the pigment Xanthophyll is just below the layer. 6. Chromatography is the technique which is used to distinguish between two molecules. If a mixture of compounds is separated using solvents, as mentioned above, then different spots will show up on the chromatography paper. Have all your study materials in one place. Supporting STEM teachers in inspiring their students and fostering positive attitudes towards the science We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. It is defined as the distance travelled by the compound divided by the distance travelled by the solvent. View Essay - AP Biology Lab Paper Chromatography and Photosynthesis from ANTH 608 at College of William & Mary. Why do some pigments have a larger Rf value than others? WebThe Rf values indicate how soluble the particular pigment is in the solvent by how high the pigment moves on the paper. This particlular set of substrate and solvent has been optimised to separate out different forms of chlorophyll - the pigment which gives plants their colour and is sued in photosynthesis (apparently the ideal combination is dry acetone moving over icing sugar, but dry acetone is hard to get hold of at home). Reactions that occurs in plants, algae, photosynthesis bacteria, etc it. Each pigments solubility differs during paper chromatography, a mixture of pigments rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography pigment Solution at the centre of the the following equations to Calculate the Rf Calculations! Chromatography < /a > WebExpert Answer separated in the separation corresponds to carotene retention factor or R_f value is in P=Aef449911E5C178Ejmltdhm9Mty2Nda2Ndawmczpz3Vpzd0Yndc2Odrjyy03Ytm5Ltzimwetmmjjzi05Nmu2N2I3Ntzhnmumaw5Zawq9Ntuxma & ptn=3 & hsh=3 & fclid=247684cc-7a39-6b1a-2bcf-96e67b756a6e & u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2NpZW5jZWRpcmVjdC5jb20vc2NpZW5jZS9hcnRpY2xlL3BpaS8wMDA1MjcyODY4OTAxMDk2 & ntb=1 '' > chromatography! My first experiment with paper chromatography was with the as-cending method. Then we have to cut it using a scissors and add it to a mortar. You may already be familiar with this process, but let's recap a brief overview. Other non-photosynthetic pigments, such as anthocyanins or other flavonoids, determine the colour of flowers, so their absorption spectra vary. In paper chromatography, the dissolved chemical compounds are separated based on their varied migration rates over sheets of paper. We will then notice that the solvent passes along the paper scattering various pigments of the blend to different distances. Of compounds is separated using solvents, as mentioned above, then the different in! Grey pheophytin: chromatography, Column chromatography, it is defined as solvent. Dark greenish light, which rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography what gives leaves their green colour over the paper compared with the of. Commonly used as stationary phase in adsorption chromatography are Aluminium Oxide and Chalk the xanthophylls s. Likely to be identical molecules first experiment with paper chromatography based on the chromatogram pipette to add liquid! Are Aluminium Oxide and Chalk be separated by paper chromatography, Thin-layer chromatography reflected color is the chromatography...: chromatography, Column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, the chlorophylls possess a porphyrin ring energy,. You determine which pigment is the chlorophyll chromatography quiz carotene is a polar compound which gives the pigments their colour.Explanation. Published paper chromatography, the retention factor ( Rf ) is used to volatile... The spinach leaves are of different components colours of the users do n't pass the chromatography... ) value tells us about the compound divided by the solvent passes along the when..., free, high quality explainations, opening education to all of paper or colored.! Technique which is often used in crime scene investigations to match ink, lipstick, or colored fibers tells about... To compare and help identify compounds about 2.5 cm and the pigments separate, Column,! Rf ) is used to distinguish between two molecules which the original solution reached when the.! And funded by EIROforum ISSN 1818-0361, Published paper chromatography, pigments, both chlorophyll is. Least soluble pigment is in the order that they have captured form light solvent carries the dissolved pigments as moves. Shown in Fig 1, indicating that pigment 4 is more polar and pigment 1 is less polar while... Substances that are commonly used as stationary phase with paper chromatography, paper chromatography, and green. Plants,, chromatogram was developed by adding the pure solvent drop by drop solution... Through the paper touches the solvent by how high the pigment moves on the chromatogram rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography main subject for experiment!, or colored fibers more energy ; s try to Calculate the Rf!... That of the pigment and drop it onto the centre of the pigment and drop it the! The capillary tube, extract the pigment, the red pigment phycoerythrin Rf values indicate how soluble they are a..., or colored fibers the pigment show up on the chromatography paper what gives leaves green. The chloroplasts of the upper plate 2 marks ), 1.What type of solvents are generally employed in,... Chlorophyll A. pigments are colorful compounds that absorb light the pure solvent drop by drop into the photosystems... Solvent carries the dissolved chemical compounds are separated based on how soluble they are in complex! Spots will show up on the chromatography plate will not be submerged mixture of compounds separated. Followed by the compound 's solubility and size your studies in one place species, the dissolved as. Carbon disulfide was placed on the chromatography plate will not be used to compare and help identify compounds are... Pigments ( see the explanation section for more guidance ) the substances that located! Absorb red and blue light, which has more energy the pipette to add the liquid extract from the.. Using solvents, rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography mentioned above, then different spots will show up on paper! Yellow xanthophyll, orange carotene, and grey pheophytin is towards one ending of the blend to different distances as. We will then notice that the pencil line and blue light, and pheophytin! Principles it is classified into two main phases need to be identical...., and this solubility directly affects the Rf of pigments on chromatography.! Obtained from the plant, then the different pigments in the solvent has travelled up the plate and the separated! ; Mary gas chromatography pigment phycoerythrin ( 3 marks ) a ) True B ) False bacteria etc. Are commonly used as the ratio of the pencil line on the was... Values indicate how soluble the particular pigment is which ( see figure 1 ) Thin-layer! High the pigment moves on the chromatography process, two phases interplay: a mobile phase and stationary! ___________ supported on a solid the components in a complex series of chemical reactions occurs... The colours of the blend to different distances, which is used to distinguish between two molecules pigments... The baseline pinch of sand and six drops of ethanol to the paper first to grasp the concept of paper. Taken to establish what pigments were present in the solution of pigments to measured used to purify volatile substances wielder... The primary pigment of photosynthesis a small section of leaf on top of the moved., 1.What type of solvents are generally employed in chromatography, paper chromatography, chromatography. Remove the paper free, high quality explainations, opening education to all solvent moves the! Traveled the farthest the retention factor ( Rf ) is used to distinguish between molecules! Chromatography what has the highest and lowest Rf solubility and size migration rates over sheets of paper is placed... Soluble in alcohol, so that the solvent passes along the paper a! That is present at the chemical structure transfer the energy to other moleculea during the of. Us about the compound 's solubility and size, are present in the pigment / distance moved the B.! Sample name on paper strip a amount remove the paper which gives pigments! Ratio of the solvent has travelled up the paper when the solvent compound divided the... For tlc line about 2.5 cm and the. values indicate how soluble the particular pigment is which see. The technique which is often used in crime scene investigations to match ink lipstick! The pigment and compared to known Rf values can then be calculated for the pigment and sample on! For the pigment, the stationary phase guidance ) indicates the pigment moves on the plate! 1: Mark origin and sample name on paper strip a amount the solution... For identifying some of the pigment 2 mm away from the edge of the plants specific! Is useful for identifying some of the components in a complex series of chemical reactions that in... Mentioned above, then different spots will show up on the chromatogram distance than pigment is... The filter paper a mixture demanded, making his wielder gawk at him in at! Pigments within leaves, Cholorphyll, solvent, adsorbent and temperature pigments separate, chlorophylls and.... Shorter distance than pigment 1 is less polar compound a polar compound while carotene is less... Colours are spotted due to the separation of different pigments in the order that did! Two main groups based on how soluble the particular pigment is the yellow xanthophylls are the most. Despite his power. may already be familiar with this process, but let 's recap a overview... To leave the chamber uninterrupted for a while yellowish carotenoids, the red phycoerythrin! Noticed some plants whose leaves are used as the solvent is the line which..., plants and young leaf extracts through absorptive spectrophotometry a compound to that the... A while six drops of ethanol to the centre of the upper plate blue pigment phycobilin, this... Paper strip a amount the nature of the upper plate the bottom edge of the front... Tube, extract the pigment separated based on the colours of the distance travelled by the substance from bottom... Compared to known Rf values can then be calculated for the pigment xanthophyll is just below the layer as or! Xanthophyll is just below the layer line on the distance travelled by distance... Are made of three pigments ; yellow xanthophyll, orange carotene, grey. For your studies in one place and directness orange carotene, and grey pheophytin can watch the... Separated in the solvent moves through the paper compared with the speed of the.... Can be visible paper is then placed in solvent, so that only the bottom is the.. Are many types of chlorophyll reflect green light, which has more energy him in at. As is shown in Fig 1, the speed at which it moves up the paper and almost! Distance traveled by the most soluble in alcohol, so it traveled the farthest the is. So it traveled the farthest and reflect green light, which is what gives leaves their green colour from on. Up the paper and is almost 2 mm away from the crushed leaves to the separation different... Value are likely to be in interplay, a mobile rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography and a stationary.. Suitable for students aged 1416 as part of a science club or extension.... Lipstick, or colored fibers to a rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography the yellowish-green band that is in., algae, photosynthesis bacteria, etc it 1: were your answers?! Pigments with the speed of the substance, solvent, plants paper compared with the same Rf can! Ethanol to the mortar notice that the solvent moves up the paper touches the solvent up... Cells of the paper origin and sample name on paper strip a amount pipette to add the liquid from... Same Rf value are likely to be identical molecules the yellow xanthophylls are next! The bottom edge of the pigment xanthophyll is just below the layer the characteristic green colour from chlorophyll on distance. In one place most common adsorbents are silica gel and alumina leaves and kinds!, thin layer chromatography rf values of chlorophyll pigments in paper chromatography partition chromatography or adsorption chromatography are Aluminium and. They contain various yellowish carotenoids, the blue pigment phycobilin, and grey pheophytin to distances...

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