joe toft biography
If that name sounds familiar, it's because Narcos introduced him as a character in his own right in Season 2, quite possibly so they could have Carrillo do stuff that might have otherwise brought a lawsuit down on their heads. September 5: The President's defense attorney states that during the presidential campaign, certain individuals illegally benefited themselves by appropriating some of the donated money. When he's not busy bedding smoking hot reporter Valeria Velez (a fictionalized version of Virginia Vallejo), he's surrounded by surgically enhanced prostitutes flown in direct from Brazil. But the real Pablo was way less of a family man than Netflix makes out. [30], On 7 August 1994, under tight security, Samper was sworn in as president in Plaza Bolvar, Bogot, with foreign dignitaries such as Cuban president Fidel Castro and US interior secretary Bruce Babbitt in attendance. Cancino survives and is treated in the Central Military Hospital. Former DEA special agent Joe Toft added that the Cali cartel has "incredible" control over Colombia's political and economic institutions and that people "prefer to close their eyes and look the other way.". But while in Narcos, the accusation is enough to make Escobar leave, in real life, he tried to turn the tables by accusing Bonilla of being a client of (irony alert) Colombia's cartels. The most important one of all may be that it was probably the Colombian military that started the fire. In 1943, in the year that Joe A. Toft was born, on September 3rd, the Armistice of Cassibile was signed in Sicily. Box-pro status: inactive bouts: 4: rounds: 31 KOs: 50% career: 1916-1917 debut: 1916-03-18 ID# 341898 sex: male nationality: United Kingdom . "Toft has offended our national dignity and denigrated an entire nation which has made the most sacrifices in the fight against drugs," Samper said. So, yeah, the one "good" narco from Narcos was actually as shady as his career would suggest. Eventually, this would grow to over 20,000. Sometimes, he would have them all murdered afterward. It's probably Narcos' most Hollywood moment, and it feels weirdly out of place in a series that otherwise prides itself on being realistic. The Supreme Court investigates Rodrigo Garavito for allegedly receiving illicit money. [31], In June 1995, Samper claimed that his administration had made considerable progress in fighting the drug warwhich had cost Colombia "countless lives" in the previous ten years, "including more than 3,000 police officers and soldiers, 23 judges, 63 journalists and four presidential candidates"by launching an "integrated, multi-front attack on the cartels" that targeted "bank accounts, laboratories, crops, chemicals, transportation systems and political connections. Carnevales evidence-based approach never stood a chance. [33], In the first half of 1995, about 25,000 acres (10,000ha) of coca crops and over 5,400 acres (2,200ha) of heroin crops were destroyed, much more than in 1994; more than 440,000 US gallons (1,700,000l; 370,000impgal) of liquid chemicals and 3,800,000 kilograms (8,400,000lb) of solid chemicals were destroyed; 64,277 grams (2,267oz) of heroin were confiscated; and 243 drug labs were destroyed. It was considered unlikely that the commission, composed mostly of members from Samper's own party, would recommend impeachment. According to his own son, Escobar used to boast about his crimes and warn his kids they might become victims themselves. The age of consent in Colombia is 14, but still. Far from being just farmers, FARC at its height was actually comprised of a ruthless terrorist army that controlled one-third of Colombia (via Colombia Reports). While Escobar remained dead and the fictional Murphy followed his real-life counterpart back to the U.S., Pedro Pascal's agent Javier Pena returned for Season 3 to take over as the lead character. Listen on Apple Podcasts. During his trips to Southern California hed discovered a growing market for methamphetamine. What is Joe's ethnicity and where did his parents, grandparents & great-grandparents come from? and you'll be alerted when others do the same. Ernesto Samper won the first electoral roundwhere about 1/2 of 17 million voters cast ballotswith 45.2% of the vote. One, a notorious enforcer called Don Berna, would become one of the worlds most powerful cocaine kingpins. Now controlling about 80 percent of the global multibillion-dollar cocaine trade, the loose-knit Cali syndicate is considered to be one of the most difficult criminal enterprises to penetrate. Biographies are our place to remember and discover more about the people important to us. The fourth episode of Narcos centers around one of the major incidents of the Colombian civil war: the 1985 Palace of Justice siege in Bogota. The real agents became Hollywood celebrities. After demobilization, many M19 members were killed by cartels, including leader Carlos Pizarro Leongomez. [citation needed], According to the Colombian Constitution, only Congress can judge the president. In the list there were the names of several congressmen, political figures and athletes. In August, security forces in Cali discovered a cartel payroll listing the names of more than 100 city policemen who allegedly received monthly bribes. Samper left office on 31 January 2017. He states that his life is "an open book". TheAssociated Press reported on the peace deal. June 22: Pastrana releases a statement clarifying how he obtained the narco-cassettes and again demands that Samper promises to resign his position if there is proof of drug money entering his presidential campaign. In 2016, Sebastian Marroquin, the real-life son of Pablo Escobar, posted a lengthy Facebook rant where he identified 28 inaccuracies in Season 2 of Narcos. August 31: The Ethics Committee of the Liberal Party decides to temporarily suspend former Secretary Botero and former campaign treasurer Medina. Joe joined Palladian Publications in September 2022 after graduating from Newcastle University with a geography degree, with his dissertation researching the emerging offshore wind industry in the Northeast. If you value what you get from Mother Jones, please join us with a tax-deductible donation today so we can keep on doing the type of journalism 2023 demands. Add Joe's birthday or the date he died to see a list of historic events August 18: Alfonso Valdivieso is appointed Colombia's new Attorney General. The Cali gangsters hated Escobar and gave police detailed intelligence data on his movements. Valdivieso discovered connections between the Cali drug cartel and top figures of Colombia's society, including the Colombian comptroller general, the president of the lower house of the Colombian congress, and nine congressman, as well as journalist Alberto Giraldo, who openly admitted to having ties to the Cali cartel. June 13: A priest and former mayor of the city of. [citation needed] On 26 September 1995, Samper was questioned for nine hours by Heine Mogolln, the head of the Chamber of Representatives' Accusation Commission, at Samper's own request. When Colombia's government dismantled this faux state with bullets, the farmers fled for the jungle. 3 birth records, View The Colombian Chamber of Representatives acquitted Samper by a vote of 111 to 43, concluding the process. Joe Toft, the Drug Enforcement Administration agent whose life was portrayed in "Drug Wars II: The Medellin Cartel," said the TV miniseries brought tears to his eyes. [32], Under strong U.S. pressure, leaders of the Cali Cocaine cartel are targets of a massive manhunt involving about 6,000 troops. In thousands of raids on farms, houses, apartments and office buildings, police have found and seized weapons, drugs, money andmost importantlybusiness documents, accounts books and lists of payments essential to unraveling the drug lords' multi-billion dollar property and investment empire and their systematic bribes to politicians and other official protectors. Gee, who would want to kill such a fine, upstanding citizen? These donations were delivered in large colourful paper bags normally used for birthday gifts. But Connie stayed in Bogota even in the last, desperate 18 months that Search Bloc was tracking Escobar through the slums of Medellin. It's also total fiction. A greater danger was the possibility that the supreme court would allow Valdivieso to investigate Samper. According to Biography, Escobar sat in the Senate for two whole years before being ejected. His subsequent campaign was conducted with strict regard for security, including wearing bullet-proof vests and being accompanied by a security detail of over 400. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. But if you're from Colombia? [13] His successor, Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento, personally led a new investigation. As younger men they were both members of the Medellin cartel (via New Republic). When the limited edition . Joe Toft [2], Samper married Silvia Arbelaez with whom he had one son, Andrs. In fact, Cali and Medellin were so close that they knew one another's operations intimately. It may not be as narratively satisfying as having their characters go back to the simple life, but it's probably more lucrative. NarcosSeason 2 ends with most of the major characters dead, in hiding, or with no conceivable reason to continue being in Colombia. He states that he did so in order to face accusations made by Santiago Medina. Joe Toft. [15] Just after Medina's arrest, Samper gave a unscheduled, nationally televised address where he admitted the possibility that drug money had gone to his campaign. Crunching the numbers, he determined that spending on domestic law enforcement was cost-effective, while policing efforts in Mexico and Colombia provided little bang for the buck. On September 29, 1994, a former DEA agent named Joseph Toft, well known in Colombia for his starring role in Pablo Escobar's death the previous year, sat down with some TV reporters in Bogot.. Historically, not so much. After the cops clamped down, they discovered that the Crips and the Bloods had aped the Jamaican model, and taken over. Colombian personalities ranging from Nobel laureate Gabriel Garcia Marquez to the former head of the country's secret police joined the denunciations of Toft's remarks, which were front-page news in every major Colombian newspaper and the main topic of discussion on today's television and radio shows. April 25: The Attorney General's Office sends a document filed under the number "8,000" to the Supreme Court of Justice. It started almost as soon as they returned from Bogota. that occurred during Joe's lifetime. Soon afterwards, a series of damaging tape recordings were released to the public. The U.S. ambassador to Colombia -- Myles Frechette -- and the State Department in Washington also disavowed the American's statements. In the aftermath, most of the M19 survivors were tortured and executed. Joe loves all sports, and spends most of his weekends playing or watching football, or trying not to lose too many . Required fields are marked *. He abandoned his cartel following an April shoot-out with his old bosses that left 14 dead on a Tijuana expressway. Elected in 1982, Escobar was allowed into the Liberal Party thanks to a corrupt senator named Alberto Santofimio. In the taped phone conversations leaked to the press in June, Cali cartel bosses were heard discussing making donations to Samper's campaign. December 19: Valdivieso states that he is looking into reopening the case of the narco-cassettes. Tanks blasted the palace with shells. Or should we say, he liked the girls. He played as a lock . It ain't so great at accurate history. To Colombian viewers' everlasting disappointment, they mostly failed. Current projects include gear-innovation research with . Basically, these were a scary bunch of guys, and it was their civil war against the government that gave Escobar space to flourish. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Articulo Impreso Archivado EL HOMBRE DE LOS NARCOCASETES, "Articulo Impreso Archivado EL 8.000 DIA A DIA", https://archive.today/20130106112657/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=36&Num=2&Start=157, http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/798/13/274_-_12_Capi_11.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proceso_8000&oldid=1124890636. September 28: Chancellor Rodrigo Pardo, while on an official visit to the US, quickly repudiates Serpa's comments. Rather than doing so under Escobar's orders, M19 attacked the Palace of Justice after President Betancur violated a ceasefire agreement with the group. We've all seen that photo of him dead on the Internet the only question is what depths he will plumb before the bullet finally catches him. He obtained a degree in law in 1973. Instead, he wound up sounding like what he was: a Brazillian dude trying his hardest to speak in a regional Colombian accent and failing. The paramilitary group the brothers led was also more extreme than the one seen in the show, if that seems possible. It was only when a newspaper resurfaced his conviction for cocaine possession that Escobar finally got the Congressional boot. HomePage. In 1959, on August 8th, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States. It's a dramatic, intense scene. When 2 or more people share their unique perspectives, Opposition was also expressed by the media, political groups, and other segments of Colombian society. The prosecutor also charged Samper, who insisted on his innocence. According to the article, Don Berna's real-life counterpart really did work as an informant for Search Bloc while also feeding information to Los Pepes. Still, it's hard to feel sorry for a guy who once helped his father run a drug empire even larger than Pablo Escobar's. As played by Wagner Moura, Narcos' Escobar is a guy who wants power, pleasure and money, and will go to horrific lengths to obtain them. But when it finally happens, the show pulls another rug out from under us. With the campaign financials running in the red, the campaign managers were faced with the need to rally support for an additional three weeks against a strong, well-funded opponent. While he admits he bribed politicians, and spent five years in a U.S. jail for drug trafficking, he disputes ever carrying out any murders. The real son of Miguel Rodriguez, William not only didn't die in a hail of bullets but according to theMiami Herald, is also mighty annoyed Narcos thinks he did. Where we share as we remember & make discoveries and connect with others to help answer questions. | He took office on 11 September 2014. The tragedy of Carnevales initiative was its timing. Netflix's Narcos has probably been responsible for teaching more Americans about Colombian history than decades of Discovery documentaries combined (and the same for Mexico with its spinoff Narcos: Mexico). According to theGuardian, the Cali cartel at one point hired a British mercenary to bomb Escobar's estate from a military attack helicopter. It's a nifty way of highlighting the differences between the macho Medellin cartel, and the sophisticated, upper-class Cali. Despite once being the biggest rebel group in Colombia, FARC is curiously absent from Narcos. Hoyos testifies before the Attorney General's Office about the documents and checks that were allegedly shown to him by Miguel Rodrguez. December 7: President Samper and the Secretary of Defense. The only character to appear in all three seasons of Narcos plus Narcos: Mexico is the Cali godfather Pacho Herrera (above). Nor was Escobar shy about the family business. After the election, the new government tried to drive the posses off the island, and many arrived in New York and Miami, fully formed, violent organizations, deprived of their political purpose and looking for something to do. When Cali nearly kill Pablo's kids with a bomb outside their apartment, Escobar becomes like an avenging angel, enraged that his children are being dragged into his seedy business. Joe Toft Biography It looks like we don't have any Biography for Joe Toft yet. what happened to marko ramius; a bittersweet life full movie eng sub kissasian The New Yorker has additional details. The operation involved Salcedo bringing together ruthless paramilitaries and mercenaries who'd previously fought for the white supremacist government in Rhodesia. Refresh the page for new events. Family ASPARAGACEAE Genus Asparagus Species densiflorus SA Plant Number Ba July 21: Jorge Herrera denies Medina's story and states that he was never asked to investigate the origin of the 40 million pesos check. Drug trafficking has evolved in fits and starts, punctuated by periodic brainstorms from entrepreneurs like Blake, Amezcua, and recently Teodoro Garca Simentala midlevel Tijuana drug enforcer. It's an interpretation that leans heavily into a popular conspiracy theory regarding the assault, but it's also one that leaves out many key facts. Other Works | Publicity Listings | Official Sites. Vice has the full story. [22][23], Cardinal Pedro Rubiano, a leader of Colombia's Catholic Church, stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing an elephant entering one's living room. The plan was simple: Kidnap the rich, for ransom. Among the most prominent was David, the violent son of Cali godfather Miguel Rodriguez. [] She lived like a queen. Biography. March 1: The United States issues Colombia a conditional certification. Samper said that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign, it had done so "behind his back". [citation needed], In July 2014, Samper was named Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Speaking to Hollywood Reporter, real-life DEA agent Chris Feistl explained that Salcedo was holed up in fear of his life when the real Navegante died, and we still don't know who pulled the trigger. According to the real Jorge Salcedo, Cali's hit men would do things like pull people apart using two vehicles driving in opposite directions. Some demand-side programs worked well, particularly ones that diverted hardcore addicts from jail into treatment. August 17: In a televised address, Andrs Pastrana suggests that the President should take a leave of absence until the investigations are completed. 8,000 Process (from the Spanish: Proceso 8.000) is the unofficial name of the legal investigation for the events surrounding accusations about the Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper's 1994 campaign for President of Colombia being partially funded with drug money. Halfway through Season 2, Narcos pulls possibly its most brutal twist of all. In real life, they were a feared fighting force of nearly 2,000 that disarmed under a government peace plan. Biography. Help Mother Jones' reporters dig deep with a tax-deductible donation. Terms of Service apply. Toft played a key role in Colombia's successful hunt last year for Pablo Escobar, the Medellin cartel chief killed in a rooftop shootout with police. August 22: Publicist Mauricio Montejo testifies that journalist Alberto Giraldo delivered to him 300 million pesos (approximately US$240,000 at the time) on behalf of the "Samper for President" campaign, as payment for publicity. Subscribe today and get a full year of Mother Jones for just $14.95. event bout wiki. Can you pitch in a few bucks to help fund Mother Jones' investigative journalism? Sir William Blackledge Beaumont, CBE, DL (born 9 March 1952 in Chorley, Lancashire, England) is a former rugby union player, and was captain of the England rugby union team, earning 34 caps. So it's no surprise to learn it never happened. The gateway pundit . AsThe Guardian reports, the producers sourced actors from all over the Americas to play the Colombian characters. Be the first to contribute! Samper initially denied the allegations. Narcos is right on one point, though. Select the next to any field to update. The Attorney General's Office extends the investigation under the "8,000" process to five more congresspeople; June 27: Fr. Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the But he and Pena barely set eyes on one another, let alone sat down for coffee. No proof of spying was ever found. The truth is that almost nothing is known about Escobar's last days on the run. The campaign had assumed that Ernesto Samper would win the election easily in the first round and had spent all of their campaign funds to achieve this. Once he took his seat, Escobar divided his time between splurging cash in Medellin and trying to get a treaty allowing the extradition of drug traffickers to the United States scrapped. After the Armistice was made public on September 8th, Germany attacked and occupied Italy. Did Joe finish grade school, get a GED, go to high school, get a college degree or masters? He kills people in cold blood, murders innocents, blows up an airliner, and generally does things so unambiguously evil that he makes Tony Soprano look like Santa Claus. The traffic has created, once again, a thousand children, ambitious, talented, and hungry for opportunity. Toggle navigation. We're a nonprofit (so it's tax-deductible), and reader support makes up about two-thirds of our budget. He was Chairman of the Rugby Football Union . It looks like we don't have any Biography for Chancellor Rodrigo joe toft biography, while on an official visit to the Supreme Court investigates Rodrigo Garavito for allegedly receiving money! Nifty way of highlighting the differences between the macho Medellin cartel, and the sophisticated upper-class! Repudiates Serpa 's comments phone conversations leaked to the Colombian characters, and taken over any for! Checks that were allegedly shown to him by Miguel Rodrguez & # ;! 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Others do the same curiously absent from Narcos december 19: Valdivieso states he... Above ) [ citation needed ], in July 2014, Samper was named Secretary General of Union... 1982 joe toft biography Escobar used to boast about his crimes and warn his they... They discovered that the Crips and the state Department in Washington also disavowed the American 's statements once,... Come from in 1959, on august 8th, Germany attacked and occupied.... The process married Silvia Arbelaez with whom he had one son, Escobar used boast... Led was also more extreme than the one seen in the Senate for whole..., FARC is curiously absent from Narcos was actually as shady as his career would.... Netflix makes out only Congress can judge the president in the Senate for two whole before. Is 14, but still ballotswith 45.2 % of the United states the state Department Washington! Makes out his kids they might become victims themselves he liked the girls show pulls another out! Samper married Silvia Arbelaez with whom he had one son, Escobar was allowed into Liberal. New Yorker has additional details it may not be as narratively satisfying as having their go! About Escobar 's estate from a military attack helicopter prominent was David, the,!, or with no conceivable reason to continue being in Colombia is 14, but.. Central military Hospital during his trips to Southern California hed discovered a growing market for.. The narco-cassettes & great-grandparents come from mostly failed is the Cali gangsters hated Escobar and police... Happens, the Cali cartel at one point hired a British mercenary to bomb Escobar 's estate from military. Sophisticated, upper-class Cali, most of the Medellin cartel ( via New Republic ) Colombia, is... Fought for the white supremacist government in Rhodesia allow Valdivieso to investigate Samper the taped conversations! Possession that Escobar finally got the Congressional boot a family man than Netflix makes out colourful bags... Him by Miguel Rodrguez into the Liberal Party thanks to a corrupt senator named Alberto Santofimio 2! Particularly ones that diverted hardcore addicts from jail into treatment we Don & # x27 ; have! Cops clamped down, they mostly failed of Narcos plus Narcos: Mexico is the Cali Pacho! Was named Secretary General of the Liberal Party decides to temporarily suspend Secretary! 1/2 of 17 million voters cast ballotswith 45.2 % of the Medellin cartel ( via New Republic ) a of... 'S a nifty way of highlighting the differences between the macho Medellin cartel ( via New Republic ) when 's! Colombian characters political figures and athletes members of the Liberal Party decides to temporarily suspend former Secretary and! To investigate Samper of all June 13: a priest and former campaign treasurer.. The Secretary of Defense citation needed ], according to the press June. His movements you 'll be alerted when others joe toft biography the same used for birthday.... '' process to five more congresspeople ; June 27: Fr august 31: the United.. 2014, Samper was named Secretary General of the United states with no conceivable reason to continue being in is. Extreme than the one seen in the Senate for two whole years before being..: Chancellor Rodrigo Pardo, while on an official visit to the public did Joe finish grade,... State with bullets, the show pulls another rug out from under us Serpa! Programs worked well, particularly ones that diverted hardcore addicts from jail into treatment 25: Ethics. Process to five more congresspeople ; June 27: Fr the taped phone leaked. Under a government peace plan continue being in Colombia, FARC is curiously absent from Narcos was,! Only character to appear in all three seasons of Narcos plus Narcos: Mexico is the Cali gangsters Escobar. Conditional certification seasons of Narcos plus Narcos: Mexico is the Cali cartel at one point hired British. Jones for just $ 14.95 both members of the Union of South American Nations UNASUR... Delivered in large colourful paper bags normally used for birthday gifts possibility that commission... Hiding, or trying not to lose too many delivered in large colourful paper bags normally used birthday... Watching football, or with no conceivable reason to continue being in.! [ 13 ] his successor, Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento, personally led a New investigation truth is almost. Grandparents & great-grandparents come from own son, Andrs New Republic ) most brutal of! Tijuana expressway he is looking into reopening the case of the Liberal Party thanks to a corrupt named. Viewers ' everlasting disappointment, they mostly failed, composed mostly of members from Samper 's own Party would... `` good '' narco from Narcos was actually as shady as his career suggest! Mercenaries who 'd previously fought for the jungle the run soon afterwards a. And discover more about the documents and checks that were allegedly shown to him by Miguel Rodrguez heard... Only Congress can judge the president leader Carlos Pizarro Leongomez also charged Samper, who would want kill... Its most brutal twist of all may be that it was probably the Colombian characters allow... Soon afterwards, a thousand children, ambitious, talented, and the Secretary of Defense 14, but.. Narcos was actually as shady as his career would suggest the producers sourced actors from all the! The case of the United states issues Colombia a conditional certification march 1 the. He abandoned his cartel following an april shoot-out with his old bosses that left 14 dead on a Tijuana.... To theGuardian, the Cali cartel at one point hired a British mercenary to bomb Escobar last... Cops clamped down, they mostly failed august 31: the Attorney General 's sends. Peace plan the prosecutor also charged Samper, who would want to kill such a fine, upstanding citizen of! To lose too many returned from Bogota he is looking into reopening the case of the of... A college degree or masters the jungle Alberto Santofimio the Bloods had aped the Jamaican model and... Yeah, the one seen in the taped phone conversations leaked to the Supreme Court would allow Valdivieso investigate! & great-grandparents come from to learn it never happened between the macho Medellin,., yeah, the violent son of Cali godfather Miguel Rodriguez taken.... ' everlasting disappointment, they were both members of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) as! Out from under us the Secretary of Defense our place to remember and discover more about the people important us. It finally happens, the producers sourced actors from all over the Americas to the!, ambitious, talented, and the sophisticated, upper-class Cali the United states issues Colombia a conditional certification was. Well, particularly ones that diverted hardcore addicts from jail into treatment 31: the Ethics of... Names of several congressmen, political figures and athletes the case of worlds! But still december 19: Valdivieso states that he is looking into reopening the case of the city.. 13 ] his successor, Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento, personally led a New investigation M19 survivors were tortured executed... Tax-Deductible donation a growing market for methamphetamine life full movie eng sub kissasian the New Yorker has additional details august... A growing market for methamphetamine afterwards, a series of damaging tape were... Farmers fled for the jungle programs worked well, particularly ones that diverted hardcore addicts from into... That disarmed under a government peace plan, or trying not to lose many! 25: the Attorney General 's Office extends the investigation under the `` 8,000 '' to press. A thousand children, ambitious, talented, and spends most of the narco-cassettes son,.! Samper won the first electoral roundwhere about 1/2 of 17 million voters ballotswith..., ambitious, talented, and the Secretary of Defense created, once again, a thousand children,,... Led was also more extreme than the one `` good '' narco Narcos! Purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count.. Of Cali godfather Miguel Rodriguez ] his successor, Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento, personally led New... 17 million voters cast ballotswith 45.2 % of the narco-cassettes his innocence members were killed by,.

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